Climate of India (geography)


🌍 Chapter: Climate of India (Class 9/10)

🔶 1. Introduction

India has a monsoon-type climate, found mainly in the tropical and subtropical zones. It is marked by seasonal reversal of winds.

🔶 2. Factors Affecting India's Climate

  1. Latitude – India lies between 8°N to 37°N. The Tropic of Cancer divides the country into two zones: tropical and subtropical.
  2. Altitude – Himalayas act as a barrier protecting India from cold Central Asian winds.
  3. Pressure and Winds – Seasonal winds, like South-West and North-East monsoons, play a big role.
  4. Distance from the Sea – Coastal areas have moderate climate, interiors have extreme climates (continentality).
  5. Relief – Mountains cause rainfall on the windward side and dry conditions on the leeward side (rain shadow effect).

🔶 3. Seasons in India

  1. Cold Weather Season (Winter) – Mid-November to February. Low temperatures, dry air.
  2. Hot Weather Season (Summer) – March to May. High temperatures, dry winds called Loo in North India.
  3. South-West Monsoon (Rainy Season) – June to September. Heavy rainfall from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branches.
  4. Retreating Monsoon (Autumn) – October to November. Winds retreat, causing cyclonic rains in coastal Tamil Nadu.

🔶 4. Monsoon Mechanism

  • Differential heating of land and water
  • Shift of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
  • Presence of the Tibetan Plateau
  • El Niño and La Niña affect monsoon patterns
  • Jet streams (subtropical westerly and easterly)

🔶 5. Distribution of Rainfall

  • High rainfall: Western Ghats, North-East India
  • Moderate: Indo-Gangetic plain
  • Low rainfall: Rajasthan, parts of Gujarat, Ladakh

🔶 6. Climatic Regions

According to Koeppen’s climate classification, India has several climate types:

  • Tropical wet (Western coast, NE India)
  • Tropical dry (Central and NW India)
  • Subtropical humid (North India)
  • Mountain (Himalayas)

🔶 7. Importance of Monsoon

  • Agriculture heavily depends on it (60% rain-fed farming)
  • Refills rivers and groundwater
  • Affects lifestyle, festivals, economy

🔶 8. Climatic Challenges

  • Floods, droughts, and cyclones
  • Irregular monsoon causing agricultural instability


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