Volcanoes note

 

🌋 Volcanoes – Geography Notes

📌 What is a Volcano?

A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock, ash, and gases escape.

🔥 Types of Volcanoes

  1. Active Volcano

    • Erupts frequently (e.g., Mount Etna, Italy)

  2. Dormant Volcano

    • Has not erupted in recent history but may erupt again (e.g., Mount Fuji, Japan)

  3. Extinct Volcano

    • Has not erupted for thousands of years and is unlikely to erupt again (e.g., Arthur's Seat, Scotland)

🌋 Types of Volcanic Eruptions

  1. Effusive Eruption – Lava flows out gently (e.g., Hawaiian volcanoes)
  2. Explosive Eruption – Violent, with ash and gas clouds (e.g., Mount Vesuvius)

🗻 Types of Volcanoes by Shape

Type Characteristics Example
Shield Volcano Broad, gentle slopes, low-viscosity lava Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Composite (Strato) Steep, explosive, layers of ash & lava Mount St. Helens, USA
Cinder Cone Small, steep, made of volcanic debris Parícutin, Mexico
Lava Dome Steep-sided dome from thick lava Mount St. Helens (inside crater)

🌍 Distribution of Volcanoes

  • Mostly found along tectonic plate boundaries
  • Notable zones:
    • Ring of Fire (Pacific Ocean)
    • Mid-Atlantic Ridge
    • Mediterranean Belt

⚠️ Effects of Volcanic Eruptions

Positive Effects:

  • Fertile soil
  • Geothermal energy
  • Creation of new land

Negative Effects:

  • Loss of life and property
  • Air traffic disruption (ash clouds)
  • Climate effects (global cooling from ash)

🛡️ Safety & Prediction

  • Use of seismographs, gas sensors, and satellites to predict eruptions
  • Evacuation plans and hazard maps reduce risks


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